Kukho iingxaki ezithile kwi-welding yentsimbi eyahlukileyo ethintela uphuhliso lwayo, njengokwakheka kunye nokusebenza kwendawo yokudityaniswa kwesinyithi eyahlukileyo.Uninzi lomonakalo kwisakhiwo se-welding yesinyithi esingafaniyo senzeke kwindawo yokudibanisa.Ngenxa yeempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-crystallization ze-welds kwicandelo ngalinye kufuphi nommandla wokudibanisa, Kulula kwakhona ukwenza umaleko wenguqu kunye nokusebenza kakubi kunye noshintsho ekubunjweni.
Ukongezelela, ngenxa yexesha elide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, i-diffusion layer kule ndawo iya kwandiswa, eya kwandisa ngakumbi ukungalingani kwesinyithi.Ngaphezu koko, xa iintsimbi ezidityanisiweyo zidityanisiwe okanye emva konyango lobushushu okanye ubushushu obuphezulu emva kokuwelda, kudla ngokufunyaniswa ukuba ikhabhoni ekwicala le-alloy ephantsi “iyafuduka” ngomda we weld ukuya kwi weld ephezulu, isenza iileya ze-decarburization. macala omabini omgca wokudibanisa.Kwaye umaleko we-carburization, isiseko sesinyithi senza umaleko we-decarburization kwicala eliphantsi le-alloy, kunye ne-carburization layer form kwi-high alloy weld side.
Imiqobo kunye nezithintelo zokusetyenziswa kunye nophuhliso lwezakhiwo zetsimbi ezingafaniyo zibonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:
1. Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, iimpawu zomatshini (ezifana ne-tensile, impembelelo, ukugoba, njl. njl.) yendawo edibeneyo edibeneyo yeentsimbi ezidibeneyo ngokuqhelekileyo zingcono kunezo zesiseko zentsimbi eziza kuxutywa.Nangona kunjalo, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu okanye emva kokusebenza kwexesha elide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ukusebenza kwendawo edibeneyo kungaphantsi kwesiseko sesinyithi.impahla.
2. Kukho indawo yenguqu ye-martensite phakathi kwe-austenite weld kunye ne-pearlite base metal.Lo mmandla unokuqina okuphantsi kwaye inomaleko obunzima obuphezulu.Kwakhona ummandla obuthathaka obangela ukusilela kwecandelo kunye nomonakalo.Kuya kunciphisa isakhiwo esidibeneyo.ukuthembeka kokusetyenziswa.
3. Ukufuduka kweCarbon ngexesha lokunyanga ukushisa kwe-post-weld okanye ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu kuya kubangela ukubunjwa kwee-carburized layers kunye ne-decarburized layers kumacala omabini omgca wokudibanisa.Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwekhabhoni kuluhlu lwe-decarburized kuya kukhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu (ukonakala ngokubanzi) kwisakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwendawo, okwenza le ndawo ithande ukusilela kwangoko ngexesha lenkonzo.Iinxalenye zokungaphumeleli kwimibhobho emininzi yobushushu obuphezulu kwinkonzo okanye phantsi kovavanyo zigxininiswe kwi-decarburization layer.
4. Ukungaphumeleli kuhambelana neemeko ezifana nexesha, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo olutshintshanayo.
5. Unyango lokushisa emva kwe-weld alukwazi ukuphelisa ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo oluseleyo kwindawo edibeneyo.
6. I-inhomogeneity yokwakheka kweekhemikhali.
Xa iintsimbi ezidityanisiweyo zidityanisiwe, ekubeni iintsimbi kumacala omabini e-weld kunye nokwakheka kwe-alloy ye-weld kuyahluka ngokucacileyo, ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding, isiseko sesinyithi kunye ne-welding material iya kunyibilika kwaye idibanise enye kwenye.Ukufana kokuxuba kuya kutshintsha ngokutshintsha kwenkqubo ye-welding.Utshintsho, kunye nokudibanisa ukuxubana kuhluke kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomdibaniso odibeneyo, obangela ukuba i-inhomogeneity ye-chemical composition of the joint welded.
7. I-Inhomogeneity yesakhiwo se-metallographic.
Ngenxa yokungaqhubeki kokwakheka kweekhemikhali zomdibaniso odityanisiweyo, emva kokufumana umjikelo we-welding thermal, izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zibonakala kwindawo nganye yejoyinti edityanisiweyo, kwaye izakhiwo zombutho ezintsonkothileyo zihlala zivela kwezinye iindawo.
8. Ukuyeka ukusebenza.
Umahluko ekubunjweni kweekhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo se-metallographic samalungu adityanisiweyo azisa iipropathi ezahlukeneyo zomatshini wamalungu adityanisiweyo.Amandla, ukuqina, iplastiki, ukuqina, iipropathi zempembelelo, ukukhwela ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokuqina kweempawu zeendawo ezahlukeneyo ecaleni kwekhonkco elidityanisiweyo zahluke kakhulu.Le inhomogeneity ebalulekileyo yenza iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-joint welded ziziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, kunye neendawo ezibuthathaka kunye neendawo eziqinisiwe zibonakala.Ngokukodwa phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa, iintsimbi ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo zisebenza ngexesha lenkqubo yenkonzo.Iintsilelo zakwangoko zihlala zisenzeka.
Iimpawu zeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-welding xa udibanisa iintsimbi ezingafaniyo
Uninzi lweendlela zokuwelda zinokusetyenziselwa ukuwelda isinyithi esahlukileyo, kodwa xa ukhetha iindlela ze-welding kunye nokuqulunqa amanyathelo enkqubo, iimpawu zetsimbi ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.Ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zesiseko sesinyithi kunye namalungu adityanisiweyo, i-welding ye-fusion, i-welding yoxinzelelo kunye nezinye iindlela ze-welding zonke zisetyenziswa kwi-welding yentsimbi eyahlukileyo, kodwa nganye ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungalunganga.
1. Ukuwelda
Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo isetyenziswa ukuwelda intsimbi edityanisiweyo yi-electrode arc welding, i-arc welding ephantsi kwamanzi, i-gas shielded arc welding, i-electroslag welding, i-plasma arc welding, i-electron beam welding, i-laser welding, njl. umlinganiselo okanye ulawule isixa sokunyibilika sezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zesiseko sesinyithi, i-electron beam welding, i-laser welding, i-plasma arc welding kunye nezinye iindlela ezinoxinano oluphezulu lomthombo wobushushu zingasetyenziswa.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe ubunzulu bokungena, amanyathelo obuchwepheshe afana ne-arc engathanga ngqo, i-swing welding wire, i-electrode ye-strip, kunye nocingo olongezelelweyo lwe-welding olungenamandla lunokwamkelwa.Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na, ukuba nje i-fusion welding, inxalenye yesiseko sesinyithi iya kuhlala inyibilika kwi-weld kwaye ibangele ukuhlanjululwa.Ukongezelela, i-intermetallic compounds, i-eutectics, njl.Ukuze kuncitshiswe iziphumo ezibi ezinjalo, ixesha lokuhlala lesinyithi kwindawo eqinileyo engamanzi okanye yobushushu obuphezulu kufuneka ilawulwe kwaye lifinyezwe.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa kweendlela ze-welding kunye neenkqubo zenkqubo, kusenzima ukusombulula zonke iingxaki xa udibanisa isinyithi esahlukileyo, kuba zininzi iintlobo zesinyithi, iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, kunye neefom ezidibeneyo ezahlukeneyo.Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba Uxinzelelo lwe-welding okanye ezinye iindlela ze-welding zisetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki ze-welding zamalungu athile esinyithi ahlukeneyo.
2. Uxinzelelo lwe-welding
Uninzi lweendlela zoxinzelelo lwe-welding zifudumeza kuphela isinyithi ukuba sidityaniswe kwimeko yeplastiki okanye ungayifudumezi, kodwa sebenzisa uxinzelelo oluthile njengophawu olusisiseko.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-fusion welding, i-welding yoxinzelelo ineenzuzo ezithile xa i-welding yentsimbi edibeneyo.Ngethuba nje ifom edibeneyo ivumela kwaye umgangatho we-welding unokuhlangabezana neemfuno, i-welding yoxinzelelo idla ngokukhetha okufanelekileyo.
Ngexesha le-welding yoxinzelelo, iindawo ezijongana nazo zesinyithi ezingafaniyo zinokunyibilika okanye zinganyibiliki.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yempembelelo yoxinzelelo, nokuba kukho isinyithi esityhidiweyo phezu komhlaba, siya kukhutshwa kwaye sikhutshwe (njenge-flash welding kunye ne-friction welding).Kuphela kwiimeko ezimbalwa Xa isinyithi esityhidiweyo sihlala emva koxinzelelo lwe-welding (njenge-spot welding).
Ekubeni i-welding yoxinzelelo ayishushu okanye ukushisa kweqondo lokushisa liphantsi, kunokunciphisa okanye ukuphepha imiphumo emibi yomjikelezo we-thermal kwiipropathi zetsimbi zesiseko setsimbi kunye nokuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-brittle intermetallic compounds.Ezinye iindlela zoxinzelelo lwe-welding zinokucinezela iikhompawundi ze-intermetallic ezidalwe ngaphandle komdibaniso.Ukongezelela, akukho ngxaki yokutshintsha kwiipropati zentsimbi ye-weld ebangelwa yi-dilution ngexesha loxinzelelo lwe-welding.
Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezininzi zoxinzelelo lwe-welding zineemfuno ezithile zefom edibeneyo.Umzekelo, i-spot welding, i-seam welding, kunye ne-ultrasonic welding kufuneka isebenzise i-lap joints;ngexesha le-friction welding, ubuncinane i-workpiece enye kufuneka ibe ne-cross-section yomzimba ojikelezayo;i-welding eqhumayo isebenza kuphela kuqhagamshelwano lwendawo enkulu, njl njl.Oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunciphisa umda wesicelo soxinzelelo lwe-welding.
3. Ezinye iindlela
Ukongeza kwi-fusion welding kunye ne-pressure welding, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuwelda isinyithi esahlukileyo.Umzekelo, ukubhuqa kuyindlela yokudibanisa iintsimbi ezingafaniyo phakathi kwentsimbi yokuzalisa kunye nesiseko sesinyithi, kodwa into exutyushwayo apha yindlela ekhethekileyo yokuqhayisa.
Kukho indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-fusion welding-brazing, oko kukuthi, i-low-melting-point base-metal side ye-dissimilar metal joint is fusion-welded, kunye ne-high-melting-point base-metal base-brazed.Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo isinyithi esifanayo nesiseko sezinto ezisezantsi ezinyibilikayo zisetyenziswa njenge-solder.Ngoko ke, inkqubo ye-welding phakathi kwentsimbi yokuzalisa i-brazing kunye nesiseko esisezantsi sesinyithi sisinyithi esifanayo, kwaye akukho bunzima obukhethekileyo.
Inkqubo yokuqhafaza iphakathi kwentsimbi yokuzalisa kunye nesiseko sesiseko sentsimbi ephezulu.Isiseko sesinyithi asinyibiliki okanye sicwebezelise, esinokuphepha iingxaki ezininzi ze-weldability, kodwa isinyithi sokuzalisa siyadingeka ukuze sikwazi ukumanzisa isiseko sesinyithi kakuhle.
Enye indlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-eutectic brazing okanye i-eutectic diffusion brazing.Oku kukufudumeza umphezulu woqhagamshelwano weentsimbi ezingafaniyo kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, ukuze ezi ntsimbi zimbini zenze i-eutectic esezantsi-enyibilikayo kumphezulu woqhagamshelwano.I-low-melting-point eutectic i-liquid kule bushushu, ngokuyisiseko ibe luhlobo lwe-solder ngaphandle kwesidingo solder yangaphandle.Indlela yokutshisa.
Kakade ke, oku kufuna ukwakhiwa kwe-eutectic ephantsi-enyibilikayo phakathi kwezi zimbi zimbini.Ngexesha lokusasazwa kwe-welding yesinyithi esahlukileyo, i-maleko ephakathi yongezwa, kwaye imaleko ephakathi ifudunyezwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu lokunyibilika, okanye yenze indawo ephantsi yokunyibilika i-eutectic ekudibaneni nentsimbi ukuba idityaniswe.Umaleko obhityileyo wolwelo owenziwe ngeli xesha, emva kwexesha elithile lenkqubo yokugcinwa kobushushu, wenza ukuba umaleko ophakathi unyibilike.Xa zonke izinto zomaleko ophakathi zisasazwa kwizinto ezisisiseko kunye ne-homogenized, i-metal metal edibeneyo ngaphandle kwezinto eziphakathi inokusekwa.
Olu hlobo lwendlela luya kuvelisa inani elincinci letsimbi engamanzi ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding.Ke ngoko, ikwabizwa ngokuba yiwelding yesigaba solwelo.Isici sabo esiqhelekileyo kukuba akukho sakhiwo sokuphosa kwi-joint.
Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa welding iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo
1. Qwalasela iipropati ezibonakalayo, zemishini kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-weldment
(1) Ngokombono wamandla alinganayo, khetha iintonga ze-welding ezihlangabezana neempawu zomatshini zesiseko sesinyithi, okanye udibanise ukudityaniswa kwesiseko sesinyithi kunye neentonga ze-welding ezinamandla angalinganiyo kunye ne-weldability elungileyo, kodwa qwalasela uhlobo lwesakhiwo weld ukuhlangabezana amandla alinganayo.Amandla kunye nezinye iimfuno zokuqina.
(2) Yenza ukubunjwa kwe-alloy yayo ihambelane okanye isondele kwizinto ezisisiseko.
(3) Xa isiseko sesinyithi siqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu eC, S, kunye no-P ukungcola okuyingozi, iintonga ze-welding ezinokumelana nokuqhekeka okungcono kunye nokumelana ne-porosity kufuneka kukhethwe.Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-calcium titanium oxide electrode.Ukuba ayinakusonjululwa, intonga ye-welding ye-hydrogen sodium ephantsi ingasetyenziswa.
2. Qwalasela iimeko zokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwe-weldment
(1) Phantsi kwemeko yokuthwala umthwalo oguqukayo kunye nomthwalo wempembelelo, ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa amandla, kukho iimfuno eziphezulu zokuqina kwempembelelo kunye nobude.Uhlobo lwe-hydrogen ephantsi, uhlobo lwe-calcium titanium kunye ne-iron oxide uhlobo lwe-electrode kufuneka lukhethwe ngexesha elinye.
(2) Ukuba udibane neendaba ezitshabalalisayo, iintsimbi zokuwelda intsimbi efanelekileyo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kuhlobo, ugxininiso, ubushushu obusebenzayo beendaba, nokuba sisinxibo esiqhelekileyo okanye i-intergranular corrosion.
(3) Xa sisebenza phantsi kweemeko zokunxiba, kufuneka kwahlulwe ukuba sinxibo esiqhelekileyo okanye esinempembelelo, nokuba sinxitywe kubushushu obuqhelekileyo okanye kubushushu obuphezulu.
(4) Xa usebenza phantsi kweemeko ezingekho phantsi kweqondo lokushisa, iintonga ze-welding ezihambelanayo eziqinisekisa iimpawu eziphantsi okanye eziphezulu zokushisa kufuneka zikhethwe.
3. Cinga ubunzima bobume obudibeneyo be-weldment, ukuqina, ukulungiswa kwe-welding fracture kunye ne-welding position.
(1) I-weldments enemilo enzima okanye ubukhulu obukhulu, uxinzelelo lwe-shrinkage yentsimbi ye-weld ngexesha lokupholisa lukhulu kwaye i-cracks iyakwazi ukwenzeka.Iintsimbi zokuwelda ezinokumelana nokuqhekeka okuqinileyo kufuneka zikhethwe, njengezintonga ze-welding ezisezantsi-hydrogen, iintsimbi zokuwelda ezinokuqina okuphezulu okanye i-iron oxide welding rods.
(2) Kwii-weldments ezingenakuguqulwa ngenxa yeemeko, iintonga ze-welding ezinokuthi zifakwe kuzo zonke izikhundla kufuneka zikhethwe.
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4. Qwalasela izixhobo zokuwelda
Kwiindawo apho kungekho matshini welding we-DC, akukhuthazwa ukuba kusetyenziswe iintonga ze-welding ezinombane olinganiselweyo we-DC.Endaweni yoko, i-welding rods ene-AC kunye ne-DC yombane kufuneka isetyenziswe.Ezinye iintsimbi (ezifana ne-pearlitic heat-resistant steel steel) zifuna ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal emva kwe-welding, kodwa ayikwazi ukunyangwa ubushushu ngenxa yeemeko zezixhobo (okanye ukulinganiselwa kwesakhiwo).Iintonga ze-welding ezenziwe ngezinto zetsimbi ezingenasiseko (ezifana ne-austenitic stainless steel) kufuneka zisetyenziswe endaweni yoko, kwaye unyango olushushu lwe-post-weld aluyimfuneko.
5. Cinga ngokuphucula iinkqubo ze-welding kunye nokukhusela impilo yabasebenzi
Apho zombini ii-electrodes ezineasidi kunye ne-alkaline zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno, ii-electrodes ezineasidi kufuneka zisetyenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
6. Ukuqwalasela imveliso yabasebenzi kunye nokuba nengqiqo kwezoqoqosho
Kwimeko yokusebenza okufanayo, kufuneka sizame ukusebenzisa iintonga ze-welding ezinexabiso eliphantsi endaweni ye-alkaline welding rods.Phakathi kweentonga ze-welding ezine-acidic, uhlobo lwe-titanium kunye nohlobo lwe-titanium-calcium zezona zibiza kakhulu.Ngokwemeko yezimbiwa zelizwe lam, i-titanium iron kufuneka ikhuthazwe ngamandla.Intonga ye-welding egqunywe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-27-2023